Perfectionism Profiles and Anger Responses: The Relevant Role of Self-Esteem in Athletes of Professional Quarries

Perfectionism is a multidimensional personality trait characterized by effort and rigidity in setting high personal standards, accompanied by an excessive tendency toward critical assessments, which plays an important role in cognitive, behavioral, and emotional functioning. During adolescence, personality is built on a fundamental pillar—self-esteem—which plays an important role in sports practice when it comes to achieving the best possible performance. Anger has an emotional component that, interpreted in an unadaptive way, interferes with sports performance. The aim of this study is to assess differences according to self-esteem and perfectionism indicators and anger expression and management in young athletes. The sample included 229 male athletes to the quarries of professional sports with ages between 13 and 17 years. They were administered the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory for Children and Adolescents, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, and a socio-demographic questionnaire. Predictive analysis showed that low personal standards and high levels of organization (indicators of adaptive perfectionism) acted as predictors of state anger, while those showing high personal standards predicted high anger management in athletes with high self-esteem. High personal standards predicted lower indicators of trait anger in athletes with low self-esteem. The results revealed the influence of high self-esteem as a protective factor in the predictive relationship among anger traits and personal standards. The study describes the relationship of these variables in the belongings of young male footballers (under high sport pressure), showing the need to take care of the athletes’ self-esteem in sport environments through prevention programs that include psychological and social resources training systems

Construction of a scale to assess maladaptive perfectionism in children in its social dimension

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo construir y validar una escala para evaluar las dimensiones interpersonales del perfeccionismo disfuncional infantil. Se realizaron dos estudios. El primero propuso un conjunto preliminar de ítems y lo sometió al juicio de expertos y niños para evaluar su claridad y adecuación teórica. El segundo analizó las propiedades psicométricas de la escala resultante (n = 849). Análisis factoriales exploratorio y confirmatorio denotaron la existencia de dos factores distinguibles: el Perfeccionismo socialmente prescrito (ω = .84) y el Perfeccionismo orientado a otros (ω = .83). La versión final de la escala quedó compuesta por 16 ítems (ω = .89). Se concluye que las dimensiones interpersonales de la nueva escala funcionan correctamente y podrían ser de gran relevancia para ampliar la comprensión del perfeccionismo durante la infancia.This work aimed at constructing and validating a scale in order to assess the interpersonal dimensions of dysfunctional perfectionism in children. Two studies were conducted. The first one proposed a preliminary pool of items submitted to expert and child judgment in order to assess its clarity and theoretical adequacy. The second one aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of the resulting scale (n = 849). Exploratory and Confirmatory Factorial Analyzes denoted the existenceof two distinguishable factors: Socially Prescribed Perfectionism (ω = .84) and Other-Oriented Perfectionism (ω = .83). The final version of the scale included 16 items (ω = .89). It is concluded that interpersonal dimensions of the new scale of maladaptive perfectionism in children work properly and could be of great relevance to expand the understanding of this construct during childhood.Fil: Oros, Laura Beatriz. Universidad de la Cuenca del Plata; Argentina. Universidad Adventista del Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Serppe, Mónica Daiana. Universidad Adventista del Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina. Universidad Adventista del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Chemisquy, Sonia Noemí. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina. Universidad Adventista del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Ventura León, José Luis. Universidad Privada del Norte; Per

Perfeccionismo e autoestima em estudantes universitários argentinos

Objective: To explore the extent to which perfectionism and self-esteem are related to Argentine university students. Method: Three hundred and forty-one subjects answered the Almost Perfect Scale-Revised and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Results: The results showed a significant, robust, negative relationship between self-esteem and perfectionist discrepancy (r = -0,53; p < 0,001), and a weak but significant relationship between selfesteem and high standards (r = 0,19; p <0,001). Also, significant differences were observed (F (2,145) = 11,89; p < 0,001, η2p = 0.14) in the self-esteem of adaptive perfectionists, compared to that of maladaptive perfectionists and non-perfectionists; adaptive perfectionists scored higher than the other two groups. Conclusions: It was established that, in line with the findings of previous studies, the dimensions of perfectionism are differentially related to self-esteem so that discrepancy is the characteristic that induces the greatest amount of variance explained. The practical importance of the results obtained justifies the incorporation of psychoeducational strategies to reduce dysfunctional perfectionism and foster adaptive perfectionism in any program whose aim is to promote self-esteem in Argentine university students.Objetivo: explorar en qué medida se relacionan el perfeccionismo y la autoestima en estudiantes universitarios argentinos. Metodología: trescientos cuarenta y un sujetos respondieron la Almost Perfect Scale-Revised y la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg. Resultados: los resultados mostraron una relación significativa, robusta y negativa entre la autoestima y la discrepancia perfeccionista (r = -0,53; p < 0,001), y débil pero significativa entre la autoestima y los altos estándares (r = 0,19; p < 0,001). Asimismo, se observaron diferencias significativas (F (2,145) = 11,89; p < 0,001; η2p = 0,14) en la autoestima de los perfeccionistas adaptativos, en comparación con la de los perfeccionistas desadaptativos y los no perfeccionistas; los perfeccionistas adaptativos alcanzaron puntuaciones más altas que los otros dos grupos. Conclusiones: se permitió establecer que, en consonancia con lo encontrado en estudios anteriores, las dimensiones del perfeccionismo se relacionan diferencialmente con la autoestima, de manera que es la discrepancia la característica que induce la mayor cantidad de variancia explicada. La importancia práctica de los resultados obtenidos justifica la incorporación de estrategias psicoeducativas para reducir el perfeccionismo disfuncional y fomentar el adaptativo en cualquier programa que tenga como objetivo la promoción de la autoestima en estudiantes universitarios argentinos.Objetivo: explorar em que medida o perfeccionismo e a autoestima se relacionam em estudantes universitários argentinos. Metodologia: 341 participantes responderam à Almost Perfect Scale Revised e à Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg. Resultados: os resultados mostraram uma relação significativa, robusta e negativa entre a autoestima e a discrepância perfeccionista (r = -0,53; p < 0,001), e fraca, mas significativa, entre a autoestima e os altos padrões (r = 0,19; p < 0,001). Do mesmo modo, diferenças significativas (F (2,145) = 11,89; p < 0,001; η2p = 0,14) foram observadas na autoestima dos perfeccionistas adaptativos em comparação com a autoestima dos perfeccionistas desadaptativos e dos não perfeccionistas; os perfeccionistas adaptativos alcançaram pontuações mais altas do que os outros dois grupos. Conclusões: foi possível estabelecer, em consonância com os resultados de estudos anteriores, que as dimensões do perfeccionismo se relacionam diferencialmente com a autoestima, de forma que a discrepância é a característica que induz a maior quantidade de variância explicada. A importância prática dos resultados obtidos justifica a incorporação de estratégias psicoeducacionais para reduzir o perfeccionismo disfuncional e fomentar o adaptativo em qualquer programa que tiver a promoção da autoestima em estudantes universitários argentinos como objetivo

Eye quietness and quiet eye in expert and novice golf performance: an electrooculographic analysis

Quiet eye (QE) is the final ocular fixation on the target of an action (e.g., the ball in golf putting). Camerabased eye-tracking studies have consistently found longer QE durations in experts than novices; however, mechanisms underlying QE are not known. To offer a new perspective we examined the feasibility of measuring the QE using electrooculography (EOG) and developed an index to assess ocular activity across time: eye quietness (EQ). Ten expert and ten novice golfers putted 60 balls to a 2.4 m distant hole. Horizontal EOG (2ms resolution) was recorded from two electrodes placed on the outer sides of the eyes. QE duration was measured using a EOG voltage threshold and comprised the sum of the pre-movement and post-movement initiation components. EQ was computed as the standard deviation of the EOG in 0.5 s bins from –4 to +2 s, relative to backswing initiation: lower values indicate less movement of the eyes, hence greater quietness. Finally, we measured club-ball address and swing durations. T-tests showed that total QE did not differ between groups (p = .31); however, experts had marginally shorter pre-movement QE (p = .08) and longer post-movement QE (p < .001) than novices. A group × time ANOVA revealed that experts had less EQ before backswing initiation and greater EQ after backswing initiation (p = .002). QE durations were inversely correlated with EQ from –1.5 to 1 s (rs = –.48 - –.90, ps = .03 - .001). Experts had longer swing durations than novices (p = .01) and, importantly, swing durations correlated positively with post-movement QE (r = .52, p = .02) and negatively with EQ from 0.5 to 1s (r = –.63, p = .003). This study demonstrates the feasibility of measuring ocular activity using EOG and validates EQ as an index of ocular activity. Its findings challenge the dominant perspective on QE and provide new evidence that expert-novice differences in ocular activity may reflect differences in the kinematics of how experts and novices execute skills

Adaptación de una medida multidimensional de perfeccionismo: la Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R). Un estudio preliminar sobre sus propiedades psicométricas en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios argentinos.

El presente trabajo explora las propiedades psicométricas de la escala Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R) en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios argentinos (N=268). Se estableció el poder de discriminación de los reactivos y luego se realizó un análisis de la estructura factorial y consistencia interna. Se obtuvieron evidencias externas de validez. La primera cohorte (n=168) completó la APS-R junto a un cuestionario sociodemográfico, mientras que la segunda (n=100) completó también una medida autoadministrada acerca del promedio académico. Resultados. Los coeficientes de discriminación resultaron aceptables. Los niveles de consistencia interna fueron adecuados y se conservó la estructura factorial de la escala original: 3 factores explicaron el 53,35% de la varianza. Se encontraron diferencias de género para dos subescalas, mas no se encontraron resultados significativos en relación al promedio académico. Los resultados permiten apoyar adecuadamente la estructura factorial del perfeccionismo desadaptativo. Se discute el alcance de los resultados

Understanding the Relationship Between Perfectionism and Health: Mediational Effects Drug Use

Past research has provided evidence on the consequences of perfectionism. One particular consequence of perfectionism is that of general health. Research has suggested that perfectionism type influences general mental health. Using the 3-cluster perspective of perfectionism by Slaney, Rice, Mobley, Trippi, & Ashby (2001), the current work investigates the mediating effects of drug use on the relationship between perfectionism clusters and general mental health, in the context of Conservation of Resources Theory (COR; Hobfoll, 1989). Adaptive perfectionists had higher general mental health compared to non-perfectionists and maladaptive perfectionists. However, the three clusters of perfectionism did not differ in drug use (i.e. smoking and drinking). In addition, drug use did not mediate the relationship between perfectionism and general mental health. Implications of perfectionism and general mental health, in relation to Conservation of Resources Theory, and future research opportunities are discussed

Psychometric Evidence of the Short Almost Perfect Scale (SAPS) in Brazil

Perfectionism can be understood as a personality trait that establishes excessively high standards for the performance of individuals and ostensibly critical self-evaluations. It is associated with a range of variables, such as anxiety, suicidal tendencies, depression, and low satisfaction with life. The Short Almost Perfect Scale (SAPS) overcame some limitations of previous measures (e.g., ambiguity, nonnecessary factors). In the present research, we provide psychometric evidence of the adequacy of the SAPS in Brazil. The original two-factor structure was replicated. The items showed good discrimination, level of difficulty, and informativeness for the overall measure. The SAPS also presented acceptable reliability levels, full measurement invariance across participants’ gender, and partial invariance across countries (Brazil and the United States). Finally, perfectionism was meaningfully associated with personality traits and human values. In sum, our findings suggest that the SAPS is psychometrically adequate for further use in Brazil

The Perceived Effects of Dance for Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease and Healthy Amateurs

The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of dance participation on physical and psychological functioning as perceived by two distinct groups of dancers: dancers with Parkinson\u27s disease (PD) and healthy amateur (HA) dancers. Dancers in the Parkinson\u27s sample group were gathered from participants in the Dance for PD® program, while healthy amateur dancers were recruited from university dance departments and through social media. Both groups were administered measures related to affect, self-efficacy, quality of life, and which aspects of dance classes were most helpful and/or challenging. Several open-ended questions for both groups were included, along with questions specific to each group. Results of the study indicated that there was no difference between the two groups on positive affect experienced while dancing, but that HA dancers experienced higher levels of negative affect than PD dancers. HA dancers exhibited higher levels of self-efficacy, but there was no difference between the groups on perceived quality of life. Additionally, both groups identified the same two components of dance classes as the most helpful: moving and getting some exercise and doing something fun. Thematic analysis of responses to open-ended questions found that, in general, HA and PD dancers identified similar factors which made dance unique from other forms of exercise. The primary differences were that HA dancers more strongly emphasized artistic and spiritual components of dance, whereas PD dancers focused on the importance of the dance instructors and tailoring movements to individuals with PD. More differences were found between the two groups with respect to the negative aspects of dance classes. Notably, PD dancers identified almost no negative aspects, while HA dancers described internal and external pressure, criticism, and competition as problematic. Future research could benefit from ensuring that both groups are administered the same standardized measures to allow for additional comparisons between groups and with normative samples

Approximations to an integrated model of eating disorders and muscle dysmorphia among university male students in Argentina

Male body dissatisfaction has been associated with drive for muscularity and, in extreme cases, with the clinical condition referred to as muscle dysmorphia (MD). Although recent research suggests that MD is closely linked to eating disorders (EDs), it is classed as a subtype of body dysmorphic disorder. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 402 university male students in Buenos Aires to examine common factors in the development of EDs and MD. Multiple regression analyses were performed to assess the predictive value of the investigated variables. For both conditions, the models accounted for 48 percent of the variance and were predicted by a similar set of variables. The results support the inclusion of MD within the EDs spectrum